Michel Bréal, Introductions à la « Grammaire comparée des langues indo-européennes » de Franz Bopp (1866-1875), Limoges, Lambert-Lucas, 2020, 152 pages, ISBN 978-2-35935-302-0, € 15 Préface de Gabriel Bergounioux Notice de l’Éditeur
Pourquoi lire Franz Bopp (1791-1867), ou plus exactement ce que Michel Bréal (1832-1915) dit de Franz Bopp, respectivement un siècle et demi et un siècle après leur disparition ? Eh bien, pour combler des lacunes de culture générale linguistique (ou de culture linguistique générale). Lacunes non pas – ou non seulement – historiques, mais méthodologiques, heuristiques et épistémologiques, couvrant ce qui s’est passé dans les sciences du langage pendant la centaine d’années qui va de la naissance du comparatisme au tournant du XIXe siècle jusqu’à la publication du Cours de linguistique générale de Ferdinand de Saussure par Bally et Sechehaye (1916), puis jusqu’aux travaux indo-européens d’Émile Benveniste (v. par exemple Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen, 1936, Noms d’agent et noms d’action en indo-européen, 1948, Vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes, 1969). La crise qui règne dans les universités françaises (et plus largement européennes) depuis leur mise en concurrence et le passage au régime libéral d’autofinancement des laboratoires et des projets de recherches fait que les jeunes enseignants-chercheurs n’ont plus le temps de lire ce qu’ils n’ont pas lu en thèse pour compléter leur formation scientifique après avoir trouvé un poste. D’où l’intérêt pour eux de s’initier grâce à Bréal aux bases de la phonétique historique et de la grammaire comparée. Car même si nombre de ces problématiques sont aujourd’hui caduques, elles constituent le socle des études du XXe siècle sur lesquelles reposent le savoir d’aujourd’hui et les interrogations de demain. Un avenir est-il possible sans passé ?
Beata Stawarska, Saussure’s Linguistics, Structuralism, and Phenomenology.The Course in General Linguistics after a Century, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, IX-133 pages, ISBN 978-3-030-43096-251, € 51,99 Notice de l’Éditeur
This is the first English-language guidebook geared at an interdisciplinary audience that reflects relevant scholarly developments related to the legacy and legitimacy of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics (1916) today. It critically assesses the relation between materials from the Course and from the linguist’s Nachlass (works unpublished or even unknown at Saussure’s death, some of them recently discovered). This book pays close attention to the set of oppositional pairings: the signifier and the signified, la langue (language system) and la parole (speech), and synchrony and diachrony, that became the hallmark of structuralism across the humanities. Sometimes referred to as the “Saussurean doctrine,” this hierarchical conceptual apparatus becomes revised in favor of a horizontal set of relations, which co-involves speaking subjects and linguistic structures. This book documents the continued relevance of Saussure’s linguistics in the 21st Century, and it sheds light on its legacy within structuralism and phenomenology. The reader can consult the book on its own, or in tandem with the 1916 Course.
Beata Stawarska is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oregon, USA. She is an author of Saussure’s Philosophy of Language (2015), Between You and I (2009), and numerous essays in contemporary Continental and feminist philosophy.
La table des matières, avec possibilité d’acheter les chapitres séparément en version numérique, est disponible sur la page de l’Éditeur.
Marc Arabyan, Jean-Paul Bronckart et Pierre Escudé (dir.), Les langues dans la vie. Hommage à Tullio De Mauro, Limoges, Lambert-Lucas (Linguistique et sociolinguistique), 2020, 376 pages, ISBN 978-2-35935-278-8, € 25,00 Notice de l’Éditeur
Tullio De Mauro (1932-2017) a été l’un des grands intellectuels européens de sa génération. Cet ouvrage lui rend hommage en mettant en évidence la richesse de son œuvre scientifique et de son action publique.
Ses recherches ont d’abord porté sur la question de la signification avec un travail sollicitant, outre la philosophie du langage depuis Aristote jusqu’à Wittgenstein, la linguistique de ses maîtres italiens et celle de Saussure. Ce qui l’a amené à traduire le Cours de linguistique générale en italien en y joignant un appareil de notes désormais indispensable à la compréhension du linguiste genevois.
Intéressé depuis l’enfance par la diversité des langues parlées en Italie, il publie en 1963 Storia linguistica dell’Italia unita, suivi en 2014 – soit un demi-siècle plus tard – de Storia linguistica dell’Italia reppublicana, œuvres exceptionnelles d’ampleur et de précision, régulièrement rééditées, dans lequelles Tullio De Mauro observe les situations linguistiques des Italiens et met en valeur la diversité langagière d’un pays où les dialectes sont toujours largement présents. Nul ne peut être disjoint, dit-il, des langues qui le construisent, et le plurilinguisme doit être défendu contre l’imposition d’une langue d’État unique.
Ces orientations ont conduit De Mauro à intervenir sur les terrains de l’enseignement et de la politique linguistique. Ministre de la Pubblica istruzione en 2000, il a promu l’educazione linguistica democratica qu’il avait contribué à élaborer dès 1975. Il n’a cessé ensuite de s’engager pour la reconnaissance du plurilinguisme, d’œuvrer pour la création de moyens didactiques adaptés aux illettrés et aux migrants, de militer en faveur de démarches d’enseignement respectueuses des langues d’origine des allophones.
Au plan théorique comme aux plans éducatifs, sociaux et politiques, l’œuvre de ce maître reste d’une brûlante actualité.
Le volume comprend les contributions de Jean-Claude Beacco, Marie-José Béguelin, Gabriel Bergounioux, Valentina Bisconti, Philippe Blanchet, Elisabetta Bonvino, Jean-Paul Bronckart, Elisabetta Carpitelli, Giuseppe Cosenza, Maddalena De Carlo, Marina De Palo, Pierre Escudé, Silvana Ferreri De Mauro, Claire Forel, Daniele Gambarara, Stefano Gensini, Henri Giordan, François Jacquesson, Paola Pietrandrea, Raffaele Simone.
Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure, volume 71 (2018), édité par Daniele GAMBARARA, Genève, Librairie Droz, 2020, 272 pages, 1 illustration noir et blanc, ISSN : 0068-516X, ISBN-13 : 978-2-600-06033-2, € 40,00 / CHF 41.00 Date de première publication : 9 mars 2020 Voir la notice de l’Éditeur. Ce numéro en version numérique : https://revues.droz.org/CFS/issue/view/CFS_71
Abstract: This paper presents a summary and a commentary of the phonetic and phonological views of Hermann Paul as found in Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. Concerned with the explanation of phonetic change, he also takes into account the functioning of parole in the individual and in the speaking mass. Some of these ideas are aged, but others are worthy to our attention, such as the one referring to the importance of the interplay between individual memory and collective interaction. Keywords: Hermann Paul, phonologie, Lautbild, sujet parlant.
Cosimo CAPUTO (Università del Salento), Omni-formativité ou omni-traductibilité des langues ? De Hjelmslev à De Mauro, p. 27-44
Abstract: Hjelmslev, in his Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, deals with the unlimited capacity of language in forming signs. This feature represents actually a major theoretical pivot, helping us to approach some epistemological (e.g. metalanguage), philosophical (e.g. concerning the nature of human logos) and semio-linguistic (the nature of the sign) issues. The topic was especially developed and deepened in the Italian tradition of linguistics, the focus being not on language as an abstract and synchronic system, but on its concrete realizations occurring in history, society and culture. A term was coined by the Italian scholars to label this approach: that is onniformatività. In this paper, I will follow its pre-history and developments, following a line starting with Ferdinand de Saussure and Emile Benveniste and going to Mario Lucidi, Emilio Garroni and Tullio De Mauro. Keywords: arbitrariness of sign, restricted/unrestricted languages, translatability, Louis Hjelmslev, Tullio De Mauro.
Filomena DIODATO («Sapienza» Università di Roma), La théorie des champs lexicaux : un essai de sémantique saussurienne ?, p. 45-59
Abstract: Weisgerber and Trier’s Wortfeldheorie has been considered the first consistent outcome of post-Saussurean semantics as well as the first step towards an “ontological structuralism” (Eco 1984). I will show that the Neo-Humboldtian approach could be seen, instead, as an attempt to read the Saussurean conception of language in the light of the Humboldtian notion of language as energeia. Thus, if from a methodological point of view the neo-Humboldtians surely hastens the “structuralist turn”, Trier’s theory in particular highlights the contradictions of the CLG’s dichotomies, avoiding to some extent the risks of the “Saussurean vulgata” attributed to the classical Structural Semantics paradigm. Keywords: Lexical Field Theory, structural semantics, neo-Humboldtian linguistics, Saussurean semantics.
Marco MAZZEO (Università della Calabria), The Chess Analogy. Wittgenstein and Saussure compared, p. 61-78
Abstract: In the present article, I wish to highlight the philosophical and anthropological importance of the analogy between chess and language. Although in different ways, both Wittgenstein and Saussure perform the same inversion: it is not language to be interpreted as the verbal version of chess, but it is chess that represents a specific form of verbal technique. According to Saussure, the analogy works only if it cuts itself off from the logical-normative character usually associated to the game. Wittgenstein claims that the arbitrariness of mathematical, chess, and language rules is intertwined with the multiplicity of the forms of use. In the final part of the article, I try to analyse the difficulty, experienced by Wittgenstein and Saussure, in describing the historical origin of chess rules. Keywords: Chess, History, Institution, Use, Wittgenstein.
Yamina OUDAI CELSO (Università degli Studi di Firenze), L’héritage saussurien dans la théorie psychanalytique du symbolisme onirique de Freud, p. 79-91
Abstract: While the dream is defined by Freud as “the royal road to the unconscious,” it is evident that its interpretation plays a crucial role to decode the symbolic language of Es. Just like Lacan’s “Ça”, while Freud’s Es “speaks”, it uses several means of expression, such as slip, wit, neurotic symptom, forgetfulness, missed act and so on. Among them the dream, with its mysterious and hallucinatory disguises, and the anthropological roots of its interpretive practices, stands out because of its extraordinary linguistic and cultural complexity. Furthermore Freud, from the famous Traumdeutung (1899) to the essay Über den Gegensinn der Urworte (1910), is already witnessing a real reversal of perspective, namely a very interesting evolution of his theory of oneiric symbolism: after a rather mechanical and abstract first approach – the so-called Chiffriermethode –, based on a rigid and pre-determined correspondence between the “manifest content” and the “latent content” of each element of the oneiric material, we finally see a much more refined and linguistically complex symbology, i.e. a hermeneutic theory which identifies in each patient, by the method of free associations, the Traumbuch or “book of dreams” of himself. Following some precious suggestions from Michel Arrivé’s essays, this paper aims to check whether certain aspects of Saussure’s theory and the CLG – this huge and complex toolbox he created – allow us to question more punctually and fruitfully several passages of Freud’s texts about dreams in order to better understand them. Keywords: Dream, Symbol, Oneirology, Traumdeutung, Interpretation, Freud, Psychoanalysis.
Claudia STANCATI (Università della Calabria), Entre unité et pluralité : l’École de Genève face à la classification des sciences, p. 93-106
Abstract: The goal of the article is to explore the unity of the so-called “school of Geneva” employing three elements provided by Bachelard: theories, objects and methods. The extent of the Saussurean linguistic thought is glimpsed in his “successors” in the University of Geneva. I will recall the linguistic theories of Bally, Frei and Sechehaye, and I will propose two perspectives: first, the theoretical relation of each of them with Saussure; second, the place of their linguistics among the other sciences whose object is language. Keywords: General Linguistics, Classification of sciences, Geneva’s School, Epistemology of linguistics.
Mariarosaria ZINZI (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Benveniste entre tradition et innovation : un cours au Collège de France de 1939, p. 107-124
Abstract: The influence of Antoine Meillet and his school can be observed in Benveniste’s work. Nonetheless, Benveniste’s conclusions are undoubtedly original and autonomous. The article aims at shedding light on such a dialectic between tradition and innovation by analysing some preparatory notes for a course of comparative grammar, given by Benveniste at the Collège de France in 1939 and centered on the category of number. Attention will be paid to the definition of the dual and to the hypothesis concerning its disappearance. The analogies between Benveniste’s considerations and the conclusions drawn by Meillet and some of his students (Cuny, Gauthiot, Tesnière and Vendryes) are evident. Nonetheless, as it will be shown, Benveniste makes original remarks, which originate from his aptitude for problematisation. Keywords: E. Benveniste, Benveniste’s manuscripts, Dual, Collège de France lectures.
III Résumés de thèses
Eva KRÁSOVÁ (Univerzita Karlova, Praha), Émile Benveniste et le rôle du «sens», p. 127-138
Abstract: My thesis is a monographic study of the life and work of Emile Benveniste (1902-1976) focusing on the role that the concept of meaning (sens) plays in his thought. The first part takes into account the theoretical foundations of Benveniste’s ideas in connection with the tenets stemming from the Schools of Paris (A. Meillet and M. Bréal), Prague (R. Jakobson and V. Skalička) and Copenhagen (texts around 1939). The second part deals with Benveniste’s concept of “linguistics of discours”. I distinguish two meanings of “meaning” in Benveniste’s works and I point out the resulting confusion. Moreover, I study the possible variants of the relation between sémiotique and sémantique, looking at the ones coming from the Semantic group (J. Lotz, R. Wells) and from V. Skalička as possible sources of inspiration. In the third part, I analyze the notions of time, writing and poetry in connection with G.W.F. Hegel, J. Derrida and structural analysis of narration (R. Barthes, T. Todorov). Keywords: Emile Benveniste, arbitrariness of sign, Vladimír Skalička, meaning, structuralism, discourse.
Denis ZOLOTUKHIN (Université d’État de Moscou), Évolution du système terminologique de F. de Saussure : aspect lexico-sémantique, p. 139-157
Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to study the process of lexico-semantic formation and representation of F. de Saussure’s linguistic terminological system in his authentic works (1872-1911) and the work Cours de linguistique générale by Ch. Bally and A. Sechehaye (1916). The Saussurean terminology is here considered as a developing system of lexical units for special purposes (terms) representing a part of the French lexical system. Therefore, its evolution is interpreted from the semantic point of view proving the influence of extralinguistic and linguistic factors, derivational mechanisms and other language laws. The research combines traditional lexicological methods (component and contextual analysis) and an innovative approach – the extrapolation of Alexander Bogdanov’s theory of self-organizational systems. Such a combination allowed revealing systemic regularities of the semantic evolution of F. de Saussure’s terminology. The synchro-diachronic models of terms are built, making it possible to supplement the existing nomenclature of conceptual features of each lexical unit here studied in order to improve the entries of terminological dictionaries, to optimize the translation of F. de Saussure’s French terms into the Russian language as well as to generalize lexico-semantic characteristics of evolving linguistic terminologies. Keywords: terminology, terminological system, linguistic term, semantic evolution.
IV Documents
Pierre-Yves TESTENOIRE (Laboratoire Histoire des théories linguistiques, UMR 7597, Paris), Ferdinand de Saussure. Onze lettres (1884-1893) dans les Archives de la Société linguistique de Paris, p. 161-182
Abstract: Ferdinand de Saussure was the Adjunct Secretary of the Société linguistique de Paris between 1882 and 1891. Eleven of Saussure’s letters have been kept in the Society’s archives. The aim of this paper is to edit and present these eleven new letters by placing them in their respective contexts. This unpublished exchange brings new insights into Saussure’s work at the Société linguistique de Paris, in particular his relationship with Jean Psichari. Keywords: Linguistics society of Paris, scientific correspondence, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Jean Psichari, Louis Duvau.
Mariarosaria ZINZI (Università degli Studi di Firenze), Charles Bally. Notes du cours «Histoire du verbe indo-européen» de Saussure (BGE Ms. fr. 5128) : problèmes de datation, p. 183-192
Abstract: The manuscript BGE Ms. fr. 5128 from the Fonds Bally (Geneva) contains some notes taken by Charles Bally at a course on the history of the Indo-European verb given by Ferdinand de Saussure at the University of Geneva. I propose in this contribution that these notes should be dated to the first period of Saussure’s teaching in Geneva and that they must be related to his preparatory notes for a course contained in Ms. fr. 3970/c (Saussure 1990 [1991]). Keywords: Charles Bally, lecture notes, history of the Indo-European verb, Phonétique.
Giuseppe D’OTTAVI (Institut des Textes et Manuscrits modernes, CNRS/ENS, UMR 8132, Paris), Roman Jakobson, Raymond de Saussure. Correspondance (1945-1968) au Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 193-220
Abstract: The “Roman Jakobson Papers” at MIT Distinctive Collections include some letters exchanged between Roman Jakobson and Raymond de Saussure (Ferdinand’s younger son). Not only the correspondence testifies to their long and friendly relationship, but also reveals unknown details concerning the prehistory of the saussurean manuscripts held at Houghton Library, Harvard University. These letters are here presented, contextualized and edited. Keywords: Roman Jakobson, Raymond de Saussure, Correspondence, Harvard manuscripts.
Linguistica e filosofia del linguaggio. Studi in onore di Daniele Gambarara, M. W. Bruno, D. Chiricò, F. Cimatti, G. Cosenza, A. De Marco, E. Fadda, G. Lo Feudo, M. Mazzeo, C. Stancati (dir.), 2018 (P. Brook), p. 227-230
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Tullio De Mauro (1932-2017) a été l’un des grands intellectuels européens de sa génération. Cet ouvrage lui rend hommage en mettant en évidence la richesse de son œuvre scientifique et de son action publique.
